There are various types of dental implants. They are made of variety of materials such as aluminium oxide, titanium and surgical stainless steel but most them are made of titanium. Before placing an implant, local anesthetic is used in the mouth of the patient for pain-control. So the patients do not feel any pain throughout the surgery.

In general implants may be divided into 2 main groups. These are;

1. Subperiosteal Implants
2. Endosteal ( Endosseous) Implants

• Subperiosteal Implants: Subperiostal implants are implants that are placed over the jaw. They cover a large surface area. These have a metal frame and this metal frame is placed onto the jawbone. After the healing procedure, the posts are attached to the metal frame. Then artificial teeth are placed to the posts.

• Endosteal ( Endosseous) Implants: Endosteal ( Endosseous) Implants are the most frequently used implant types today. These are placed directly into the jawbone. When the height, width and length of the bone area are enough, esdosteal implants can be placed. After a healing period (the healing process may vary from person to person), the second surgery is required to connect a post to the original implant and then the crown (artificial tooth) is attached to the implant post.

The other implant types:

1. Root-Form Implants: Root-form implants are called endosseous or endosteal implants. Actually root form implants are the most known type of endosteal implants. They are the most popular implants in the world. The screw or cylindrical type of implant is shaped like the natural tooth root. They are available in variety of designs. These types of implants are placed directly in the bone. Root-form implants are made of strong and corrosion-resistant metal titanium. If there is width and depth in your jawbone, this type of implant can be applied. However if your jawbone is narrow or short for the replacement of the implant, the area must be enlarged with the bone grafting.

2. Plate Form (Blade-Form) Implants: These types of implants are generally used when the bone is too narrow for bone grafting and it is not suitable for the root-form implants. They are placed vertically into your jawbone. The shape of these implants is flat and wide. The name of the implants is derived from their shape. Plate form implants belong in the category of endosteal implants. They are not used frequently.

3. Ramus-Frame Implants: If the patient’s lower jawbone is too thin for the root-form implant, this treatment method can be used for the patient. They are used in the toothless lower jaw. Ramus frame implants are placed surgically into the jawbone in three different areas: the left and the right back area of the jaw, and the chin area in front of the mouth. They belong to into endosteal implant category. After ramus frames implants have been placed, the part of the implant can be visible in the mouth of the patient.

4. Transosseous Implants: Transosseous Implants are rarely used today. Because placing them into the lower jaw requires extensive surgery general anesthesia. They are used only in the lower jaw. If the patient has very little bone in the jaw or no bottom tooth, transosseous implants can be placed. They are categorized into endosteal implants.

Do not forget that good oral hygiene and regular dental visits are necessary both before and after the surgery for the success of the dental implant.

When is it called obesity? Are you obesity or are you overweight? Keep that in mind obesity occurs when your body can not consume the energy that you take from foods. If a great amount of energy accumulates in the body, problems begin. It is related with metabolism and physical activities.

Causes of Obesity
Excessive calorie consumption and not consuming these calories are said to be the major reason of obesity. Diet is an important factor. Human being needs energy to live. However, if s/he takes more than s/he needs and does not spend it, the energy accumulates and problems begin. There are three main food sources. These are protein, carbohydrate and fat. If you take more from these sources, they are conserved in the body. The fat is accumulated more and it leads to obesity.

The energy is spent via metabolic activities and physical activities. Metabolic activities are the ones that our body does without any effort. For instance, our heart beats, digestion system works, all these are metabolic activities. Physical activities are different from metabolic ones. Physical activities are the ones that we do through all the day. Walking, running, sitting, biking, all of them are classified as physical activities. All these ones make our body spend energy. If you do not move much, you do not spend much energy. How much metabolic and physical activity there is, more energy is spent. If there is imbalance between your energy income and the one you spent, obesity shows itself.

Genetics is another cause of obesity. If your family experience obesity problem, you are bound to experience it, too. In addition to this, environmental factors also cause obesity. Social circumstances, life style, eating habits and personal habits cause obesity problem.

Treatment Ways of Obesity
There are four main obesity treatment ways. These are surgical treatment, diet, medicine treatment and exercise. According to the severeness of the problem, treatment way changes. Surgical treatment is the last way of obesity treatment. If diet, exercise and medicine treatment do not respond, surgical one is necessary. With surgical way, a long lasting solution of obesity is provided. You can lose %50-80 of total weight after surgical treatment. However it is a very serious operation and it is not suitable for everyone.

Medicine treatment is a common obesity treatment way. There are many medicine types claiming to make you lose weight. But these generally have side effects. So the medicine should be taken under the control of a doctor. Balanced diet and regular exercise should be a part of our daily lives. These are obesity treatment ways. For diet treatment way, the total calorie intake and the calorie you take are calculated. Generally a diet list consisting healthy food is given to the patient. If the patient leads the diet and suggestions of the doctor, obesity problem can be solved. Exercise is a way of life. It helps you to spend calorie and it is one of the way preventing obesity.

Effects of Obesity
Researchers show that obesity affects our life more and more. It is like a communicable disease. Woman and man, young and old, everybody is under the risk of obesity. Obesity is a disease that affects the entire life of people. First of all, it affects heart and vascular system. It also affects digestive system, respiratory system and hormones. It is the main reason of many major diseases. Some of the illnesses that obesity based are heart related ones, high tension, barrenness, cancer types and joint related diseases. Briefly, obesity is the disorder making your life worse and short.

Stressors can be internal and external. Actually, stress is an individual experience. People can experience either external or internal stressors.

External Causes of Stress: External stressors come from the environment. 

The following is the list of external causes of stress:

Some Daily Hassles: Everyday problems can cause stress. Recent studies show that everyday problems can cause the one’s chronic stress if it is not treated. Daily hassles include:

___Noisy Neighbours
___Housework
___Excess Noise
___Redundancy
___Traffic Jam
___Bad weather
___Arguments with family members or friends
___Fear of crime
___Pollution
___Arguments at work
___Waking up very early in the morning
___Money problems
___Car problems
___Misplacing keys

Major Life Events: Major life changes may lead to chronic stress. They include:

___Death of a loved one
___In law problems
___Being recently widowed
___Miscarriage or abortion
___Child leaving home due to marriage or other reasons
___Major change in health of a family member or friend
___Changes in living conditions
___Changing job or loss of job
___Retirement
___Chronic diseases
___Becoming a parent
___Getting married or divorced
___ Remarriage
___Pregnancy
___Moving
___Breaking up a long term relationship

Social Environment: Social environment influence both physical and mental health of the person. Social environment can be stressful for some people.

___Social status
___Repetitive work
___Your parents or parents in law
___Rudeness or aggressiveness on the part of someone else

Physical Environment: There is a link between physical environment and the person’s health. A clean and healthy physical environment is very important for the person’s mental and physical health. Uncomfortable changes in your physical environment can cause stress. Uncomfortable physical environment includes:

___Overcrowding
___Poor lighting in the workplace
___Over-heating in the workplace
___Health and safety risks at work
___Noisy workplace
___Poor air quality
___Chemicals in foods
___Unclean water
___Confined spaces

Internal Causes of Stress: Internal stressors come from our personality. Internal causes of stress include:

Lifestyle Choices: Unhealthy lifestyle choice has an impact on the person’s health and life expectancy. It is the most common cause of stress.

___Not enough sleep
___Smoking or alcohol addiction
___Caffeine
___Unhealthy and lack of nutritional foods

Mind Traps: Mind traps are the common causes of stress. They damage the person’s thinking and emotions. Here is the list of some of the mind traps:

___Unrealistic expectations
___Rigid thinking
___Exaggerating
___Taking things personally

Personality Traits: Types of personality traits that may lead to stress. Here is the list of the personality traits:

___Having a perfectionist character
___Being a workaholic
___Shyness or being uncomfortable in groups
___Doing several things at once
___Lifelong worrier
___Low self-esteem
___Sensitive to personal criticism
___Self critical and negative
___Pessimism
___Overdependence on others
___Having too high expectations of yourself

Here are some techniques for stress management:

• First step you should search out your stressors in your life and recognize how to show reactions to them.
• Make a list of all your stressors and mark the things that you can change.
• Be aware of your both physical and physiological reactions to the stressors.
• Reward yourself in some ways for your accomplishments
• Know your limits and do not try to do more than you can.
• Remove yourself immediately from the stressful situation. 

• Identify your goals.
• Drink eight glasses of water everyday.
• Think positively.
• Learn to relax.
• Get a hobby.
• Avoid tight fighting clothes.
• Cry if you need to.
• Avoid unnecessary competitions.
• Do not forget that you can not control everything.
• Do not skip the meals.
• Believe in yourself.
• Avoid the use of sleeping pills.
• Open yourself to new experiences. Go new places, eat new foods and find new friends.
• Do breathing exercises during the day.
• Break large tasks into bite size portions.
• Avoid extreme reactions.
• Be kind yourself and the others.
• Plan your time better.
• Take regular breaks from your work.
• Go for a walk.
• Share your feelings with others.
• Take a long bath every morning.
• Exercise regularly.
• Get adequate sleep. Because if you feel tired yourself, your stress level can increase.
• Avoid smoking, alcohol and other drugs.
• Eat a healthy diet and avoid fatty foods. Eating healthy foods increases your energy and you can cope with stress easily.
• Breathe deep and relax.
• Pay attention to your appearance.
• Have a pet. It will help reduce your stress.
• Learn to forgive.
• Get a professional massage.
• Reduce caffeine and sugar.
• Talk to a close friend.
• Learn to say ‘no’ and say it more often.
• Go shopping.
• Spend your free time with your friends.
• Do not spend your time with negative people.
• Learn problem solving skills.
• Keep a journal and note both positive and negative events.
• Sleep in a comfortable bed.
• Read a book, listen to music and watch a comedy film.
• Confidence yourself.
• Join a physical activity such as a gym team.
• Minimize your communication with the people who do not like.
• Give yourself long vocations.
• Accept all the things that you can not change.
• Do something for your loved ones.
• Eat and drink stress reducing foods such as herbal tea, banana, nut, potato and the like.
• Learn medication and yoga techniques.
• Visit a café or a restaurant with your friends.
• Talk less but listen more.
• Always smile. Do not forget that smiling changes your mood.

 Stress can affect the person’s both body and mind and the effects of the stress are different for different people. It is important to know what the main sources of the stress are in your daily life and then you should learn how to manage stress. So you can keep stress under control. There are six main types of stress that are experienced by people.

Here are some common types of stress.

Hypo-stress
This type of stress is experienced by people who are bored. Sufferers of hypo-stress generally work in an unchallenging job and perform the same task everyday. So they feel constantly unmotivated and unhappy. This condition decreases the productivity of the people after a while they begin to gain weight. It causes lack of motivation and feelings of loneliness. If it is not diagnosed, it can lead to turn depression or other physical illnesses in a short time.

Hyper-stress
It is the opposite of hypo stress and a type of negative stress. Overloaded or overwork cause this type of stress. If a person is working beyond your limit, she/he can experience hyper-stress. So employees should take some precautions to reduce hyper-stress in working environment.

Distress
It is the negative type of stress. It results from some events such as death of a loved one, family problems, chronic illnesses, heavy work responsibility, financial problems. If it is not treated early enough, it can lead to chronic stress. The symptoms of this type of stress are high blood pressure, loss interest in their appearance, eating disorders, serious heart problems and the like.

Eustress (Good Stress)
Eustress is the positive type of stress that increases creativity, physical performance, enthusiasm and energy. Some events and experiences motivate people and increase their productivity. We can say that it is a healthy type of stress and the opposite of distress. For instance when an athlete is just about to run, this type of stress occurs.

Acute Stress
It is one of the intense types of stress. Acute stress is a reaction of the body to threat and this reaction is a sudden response to the threat. This condition changes hormone levels. After the acute threat has passed, the hormone levels turn to the normal level. Stressors are short term.
Some common stressors include: Danger, noise, infection and the like.

Chronic Stress
This is the worst type of stress that a person experience and so difficult to treat. It increases blood pressure and heart rate. Family problems, marriage difficulties, job stress, loneliness can cause chronic stress. If stressors affect the person for a long time, stress becomes chronic and if this type of stress is not treated, it can cause serious complications.

Other Types of Stress:
- Teen Stress
- Work stress
- Oxidative Stress
- Job Stress
- Post Traumatic Stress
- Emotional Stress

            

In fact every one of us experience stress a little differently and on different levels. Enough stress can be good for you but much stress can harm. Your outlook to the stressors affects your stress level. Generally stress can be linked to external factors such as family problems, work environment, financial problems and the like. Nevertheless stress can result from your own such as perfectionism, poor health and the like. Whatever the cause, stress affects your both body and mind in number of ways. If you do not know what stress is and how to reduce it, stress becomes a big problem in your life. If you do not control your stress, you should consult your doctor. Because if stress is not controlled, it can make you sick.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Stress
There are both physical and mental signs and symptoms of stress. However do not forget that signs and symptoms of stress may vary on from people to people. If you know the signs and symptoms of stress, you can take some precautions.

How do you know if you are stressed? Below is the list of some possible signs and symptoms of stress. If you experience some of the following symptoms, you can deal with stress. Shortly, these signs will let you if you are stressed or not now.

Physical Signs & Symptoms:
• Weight gain or loss
• Frequent urination
• Dry mouth
• Headaches and backaches
• Nausea and vomiting
• Excessive fatigue
• Stomach problems
• Loss of sex drive
• Frequent colds
• Skin breakouts (Eczema, hives)
• Racing heart, heartburn
• Sweating
• Ulcers and high blood pressure
• Panic or anxiety attacks
• Hair loss
• Joint and muscle pain
• Poor posture

Behavioural Signs & Symptoms:
• Eating more or less
• Insomnia or oversleeping
• Withdrawing yourself from the relationships
• Teeth grinding or jaw clenching
• Overdoing activities (Exercising, speaking, shopping)
• Picking fights with others
• Using alcohol, cigarette or drugs to relax
• Nervous habits (Nail biting, pacing and the like)
• Lack of physical coordination
• Changing jobs often
• A decrease in work performance
• Avoiding responsibilities.

Cognitive Signs & Symptoms:
• Memory problems
• Inability to concentrate
• Poor judgement
• Loss of objectivity
• Being forgetful
• Difficulty with decisions

Emotional Signs & Symptoms:
• Short temper
• Seeing only the negative sides of the events (Pessimistic outlook)
• Constant worrying
• Loss of confidence
• Anxiousness and nervousness
• Excessive worry
• Loss of hope
• Frequent mood swings
• Sadness and depression
• Job dissatisfaction

If you have lost a tooth or teeth due to various reasons, dental implant is the most effective treatment method for you. This treatment method is preferred instead of traditional bridgework. Since dental bridge gives harms border teeth. When dental bridgework is applied, your dentist must grind down your border healthy teeth to support the bridgework. However dental implant does not give any harm your border teeth.

Advantages of Dental Implant
• An implant tooth looks natural.
• It is similar to a natural tooth.
• Do not give any harm border teeth.
• It preservers natural facial appearance.
• An implant lasts a lifetime.
• You can chew normally.
• This treatment saves the tooth bone.
• It prevents speech difficulties.
• It is very comfortable.
• It never decays.
• It is the best option for tooth replacement.
• It requires investment in time.
• It replaces both the missing tooth or teeth and the roots of teeth.
• The success rate of the implant is very high.
• An implant is stronger than a dental bridge.

Disadvantages of Dental Implant
• It is more expensive than other a removal bridge or conventional denture.
• It is not applied for everyone.
• It requires more dental visits than other treatment methods. (such as dental bridgework)
• It involves a risk of infection.

Who is a Candidate for Dental Implant?
• The patient must be healthy.
• The patient must have oral health.
• The patient must have adequate bone in the jaw for the operation and this bone has to be strong.

Some people may not be good candidates for dental implant.
• Smoking and drinking affect the successfulness of the treatment. So alcohol and substance abusers are not the candidates for this method.
• People with chronic diseases or systematic problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure, hemophilia, significant immune deficiencies are not the candidates for dental implant treatment.
• If the patient clenches or grinds his/her teeth, this habits give harm the dental implant and increase the risk of failure.
• Dental implants are not recommended for pregnant women.
• Young people are not candidates for the treatment. Since their jawbones have not developed completely.

Cost of the Treatment
Implants are very expensive. The cost of the treatment changes from country to country.

The followings are the prices of single implant:
USA: $1500
England: between £2000- £2800
Turkey: between $650- 800
Israel: between 4500- 5000 NIS
Mexico: $1000
Iraq:  $250- 300
Italy: £ 400-450
Germany: £ 600
Egypt: $750 – 800

What is Pollen?
Pollen is a small substance. The plants give out pollen. It is shattered with wind. Pollen fertilizes a plant. Pollen types causing pollen allergy are nut tree, alder and birch. In addition to these, lawn kinds, wormwood and fruit gardens give out pollen. Some protein types in pollens cause pollen allergy. Pollen allergy is also known as hay fever.

Pollen finds a place in the respiratory system via breathing. The only place it is found is not respiratory system. It can be found in skin, hair and eyes. For everybody, it is not a problem. However, if you are allergic, immune system begins to work and inflammation in nose and mouth begins. The body reacts against the protein that pollen consists. It releases some substances that cause sneezing, nasal drip, itching and other disorders.

Where are Pollens found?
Pollen is found in air especially in some seasons of the year. The greatest source of pollen is trees in spring and lawn and wormwood in summer. In the seaside and hills, there is less pollen. Generally, in some countries, which type of pollen is found and when it reaches to excessive amount is announced as a precaution.

Who gets Pollen Allergy?
Pollen allergy is common among 5 – 40 age people. That is not a rule; however, it is common for young people.

Symptoms of Pollen Allergy
After pollen affected your immune system, your body reacts to it. First of all, nose is runny and sneezing begins. Eyes are also affected. Eyes are stream, itching is common. Pollen allergy can cause asthma. That is the last level of the disorder. The body reacts totally. The persona is exhausted and it affects your whole life.

Pollen Allergy Diagnosis
When you consulted to the doctor, some experiments are made. Your skin is examined whether it is sensitive to pollen or not. In addition to that, the allergy can be diagnosed via blood test.

Pollen Allergy Treatment
The golden key about the pollen allergy is keeping you away from what causes the allergy. There are some medicines used for allergy treatment. If doctor gives such things, you should use them regularly. However, you should keep in mind that the treatment will take 2 or more weeks.

What to Do about Pollen Allergy?
Along with treatment, there are some little but important precautions you can take. You can use sunglasses to protect your eyes. Having a shower daily is recommended. Do not dry your laundry in the afternoon that is the time when pollens are very much. If you are sensitive to some certain smells, smoke or something like that, try to keep yourself away.

Any kind of fear can not be classified as phobia. There are some major reasons and results of phobias. It is the extreme feeling and reaction. There is not treatment of fear, but there are treatment ways for phobias.

Causes of Phobias
The major causes of a phobia are classified into two categories: External and internal causes. Something can make you react extremely, this is the internal cause. Then external factors increase the level of reaction. For instance; you are afraid of dogs. Coming across with dogs increases your anxiety. If a dog barks to you, the situation can turn into to be a phobia. Seeing a dog, even thought of that makes you irritated. That is the phobia.

Symptoms of Phobias
When the object, person, situation that cause fear is seen, there are some common signs of phobia. Some of the symptoms of phobias are palpitation, nausea, sudden tension changes, fainting, conscious loss, shaking, perspiration, shortness of breath, blushing and dryness of mouth.

Phobia Treatment
Generally for the treatment of phobias medicine and psychotherapy are given together. When medicine is not adequate, antidepressant is given. The most common treatment way of phobias is making the persona face the fear. The person should learn to face the fear object. Learning living with it will bring the relief.

Phobia Types
There are lots of phobia types. Phobias can be classified into three major categories. These categories are specific phobias, social phobias and function phobias. Here some phobia examples:

Agoraphobia: Fear of open or crowded place
Anglophobia: Fear of English language or culture
Arachnophobia: Fear of spider
Photophobia: Fear of light
Hematophobia: Fear of blood
Hydrophobia: Fear of water, swimming or drowning
Claustrophobia: Fear of close place
Radio phobia: Fear of x rays and radiation
Sky phobia: Fear of sky
Xenophobia: Fear of strangers
Zoophobia: Fear of animals
Thermo phobia: Fear of heat
Thanatophobia: Fear of death
Technophobia: Fear of technology
Puppet phobia: Fear of puppets
Pant phobia:  Fear of everything
Negrophobia: Fear of black people
Homophobia: Fear of homosexuals
Ailurophobia: Fear of cats
Androphobia: Fear of men
Bibliophobia: Fear of books
Brontophobia: Fear of thunder
Dataphobia: Fear of data
Dentophobia: Fear of dentist
Electrophobia: Fear of electricity
Pharmaphobia: Fear of medicine
Philophobia: Fear of love
Heliophobia: Fear of sunlight
Gametophobia: Fear of marriage
Hippophobia: Fear of horses
Islamphobia: Fear of Islam and Muslims
Cancer phobia: Fear of cancer
Carnophobia: Fear of meat
Kymophobia: Fear of dogs
Logophobia: Fear of some certain words
Monophobia: Fear of loneliness
Necrophobia: Fear of corpse
Christian phobia: Fear of Christianity and Christians
Obesophabia: Fear of obesity
Neophobai: Fear of anything new
Paper phobia: Fear of paper
Topophobia: Fear of certain places
Tokokphobia: Fear of childbirth

Also read other health articles.

Psychotic Depression:

Symptoms:
• Hallucinations and delusions
• Paranoia and hypochondria
• Psychomotor retardation
• Frightening dreams
• Insomnia
• Extreme anxiety
• Feeling sad, hopeless or overwhelmed
• Poor judgement

Atypical Depression: This depression type is very common in women. It is a sub-type of dysthymia and major depression. Generally it begins in adolescence and if it is not treated, it will continue throughout the life. Antidepressant and electroconvulsive therapy are used for the treatment of this depression type.

Symptoms:
• Loss of interest in daily activities
• Decreased sex drive
• Increased appetite
• Weight changes
• Feeling sad, hopeless or overwhelmed
• Having physical aches and pains that do not respond to treatment
• Fatigue or lack of energy
• Over sleep

Cyclothymic Disorder: This disorder is seen both men and women. But more women than men have this disorder. The person with cyclothymic disorder experiences frequent mood swings. The symptoms of disorder are not severe but they are chronic. The mood of the person changes from low mood to high mood or from high mood to low mood very easily. These mood swings can last several months. Antidepressant and electroconvulsive therapy are used for the treatment of this depression type.

Symptoms (during low mood):
• Changes in appetite
• Sleep problems
• Fatigue and lack of energy
• Poor judgement
• Loss of interest in daily activities
• Feeling miserable and sad
• Crying spells
• Decreased sex drive
• Thoughts about death and suicide
• Slow movement and thinking

Symptoms (during high mood):
• Feeling the need to talk more
• Increased energy, activity and productivity
• Loud speech
• Increased sexual behaviour
• Speaking very quickly
• Elation
• Abuse of  drugs
• Risky and impulsive behaviour

Seasonal Effective Disorder (SAD): It is a subtype of depression. People generally experience this depression in winter and summer. Winter onset SAD is more common than summer onset SAD. Summer onset SAD usually begins in the late spring or early summer and ends in winter. Winter onset SAD usually begins in the late fall or early winter and ends in summer. Winter onset SAD is generally seen in the northern countries.

The treatment of the disorder is available. Light therapy, psychotherapy and medication are the treatment methods for the disorder.

Symptoms of winter onset SAD:
• Feeling miserable and sad
• Avoiding social interaction (isolation)
• Oversleeping
• Decreased sex drive
• Anxiety
• Oversleeping
• Loss of interest in daily activities
• Fatigue and decreased energy
• Weight gain
• Poor concentration
• Cravings for candy, chocolate and carbohydrates
• Crying spells
• Thoughts of death or suicide
• Body aches

Symptoms of summer onset SAD:
• Poor appetite
• Loss weight
• Increased sex drive
• Insomnia
• Body aches
• Fatigue and decreased energy

Read Depression Types Volume 1.

Also read: What causes depression